As plants are sessile in nature, they have no choice to escape from these environmental cues. On the other hand, attacks by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, nematodes and herbivores are included in biotic stresses.
The abiotic stress causes the loss of major crop plants worldwide and includes radiation, salinity, floods, drought, extremes in temperature, heavy metals, etc. Two types of environmental stresses are encountered to plants which can be categorized as (1) Abiotic stress and (2) Biotic stress. Plants are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses which reduces and limits the productivity of agricultural crops.
